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عمومی::
بودجهبندی مشارکتی
Elites are more and more familiar with mechanisms - in Archon Fung's (2003) terminology, minipublics - based on or associated with deliberative democracy, including Citizens' Juries, Deliberative Polls(r),2 Citizens' Assemblies, Citizen Initiative Reviews, and participatory budgeting.
Participatory budgeting in Brazil emerged out of a specific social, economic, and political context characterized by widespread efforts to re-democratize political practices and institutions in the wake of a military dictatorship that ended in the mid 1980s (Santos, 1998).11 There was growing activism, mobilization, and organization as the Workers' Party became increasingly popular at the municipal level in the early 1980s.
The following year, the new ruling party established participatory budgeting in the city in order to empower citizens with respect to public decisions that immediately affected them, such as those concerning the allocation of funds for schools, roads, water, sewers, health care, and social welfare.
Participatory budgeting has since provided the procedures and institutions for direct public participation, and the election of delegates and councillors to participate on citizens' behalf, in policy decisions concerning a portion of municipal budgets for capital expenditures.
Although the municipal council retains the legal authority to reject policy proposals, in practice it has never changed the outputs of participatory budgeting (Novy & Leubolt, 2005, p. 2035).
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